diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index a7921cd..3ae624e 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -51,12 +51,30 @@
 
 | 依赖 | 说明 |
 |------|------|
-| Linux / macOS | 协议 mint **不需要**浏览器；回退浏览器时需要桌面 `DISPLAY` |
+| Linux / macOS | 协议 mint **不需要**浏览器；注册 / 回退浏览器需要 Chromium |
+| 无桌面服务器 | **`./start.sh` 自动 Xvfb**（无 DISPLAY 时）；失败再回退 Python headless |
 | `uv` + Python 3.13 | 见 `pyproject.toml` / `uv.lock`；可选 `mise` |
-| Chromium | 注册流程 + 协议失败回退时需要 |
+| Chromium / Chrome | 注册流程 + 协议失败回退时需要 |
 | 代理（按需） | 访问 xAI / accounts.x.ai 不通时配置 `proxy` / `cpa_proxy` |
 | 可选 | grok2api `:8000`、CLIProxyAPI(CPA) `:8317` |
 
+无头服务器（推荐直接 `./start.sh`）：
+
+```bash
+# 一键：缺啥装啥 + 无 DISPLAY 自动 xvfb-run / 常驻 Xvfb
+./start.sh --extra 1 --threads 1
+
+# 跳过 Xvfb，强制走 Python 自动 headless
+SKIP_XVFB=1 ./start.sh --extra 1
+
+# 即使已有 DISPLAY 也包一层 xvfb-run
+FORCE_XVFB=1 ./start.sh --extra 1
+
+# 手动（不经过 start.sh）
+sudo apt install -y xvfb google-chrome-stable
+xvfb-run -a uv run python -u register_cli.py --extra 1 --threads 1
+```
+
 ```bash
 cd /path/to/grok-reg-protocol-cpa
 uv sync
@@ -305,7 +323,8 @@ cpa_proxy  >  proxy  >  环境变量 https_proxy/http_proxy
 | `cpa_copy_to_hotload` | `false` | 是否复制到 CPA 热加载目录 |
 | `cpa_hotload_dir` | `""` | CPA `auth-dir`（仅 copy 时） |
 | `cpa_base_url` | `https://cli-chat-proxy.grok.com/v1` | 免费 Build **必须**此上游 |
-| `cpa_headless` | `false` | 回退浏览器建议有头 |
+| `browser_headless` | `auto` | 注册浏览器：`auto`=无 DISPLAY 自动 headless；`true`/`false` 强制 |
+| `cpa_headless` | `false` | 回退浏览器：有 DISPLAY 时建议有头；无 DISPLAY 时强制 headless |
 | `cpa_force_standalone` | `true` | 回退时独立 Chromium |
 | `cpa_mint_cookie_inject` | `true` | 回退时注入注册 cookie |
 | `cpa_mint_workers` | `-1` | mint 并发：`-1` 自动；`0` 内联；`1-10` 固定 |
@@ -463,7 +482,8 @@ uv run python -u scripts/backfill_cpa_xai_from_accounts.py \
 | `--out-dir` | 主导出目录 |
 | `--cpa-dir` | 成功后复制到 CPA 热加载目录 |
 | `--probe` | 检查是否列出 `grok-4.5` |
-| `--headless` | 回退浏览器时无头（不推荐） |
+| `--headless` | 强制无头浏览器（无 DISPLAY 时默认也会自动 headless） |
+| `--headed` | 强制有头（需 DISPLAY / xvfb-run；无显示仍回退 headless） |
 
 ### C. 从 `~/.grok/auth.json` 导出
 
@@ -523,7 +543,8 @@ curl -sS http://127.0.0.1:8317/v1/chat/completions \
 | 协议 `sso invalid` | SSO 过期/无效；会回退浏览器；检查账本第三段 |
 | 协议 verify/approve 失败 | 会话态变化 / 风控；看日志后自动回退浏览器 |
 | 一直 `authorization_pending` | 浏览器路径未完成 consent；需到「设备已授权」且 token 200 |
-| Cloudflare / Turnstile | 回退浏览器时关 headless、开 turnstilePatch、检查代理 |
+| Cloudflare / Turnstile | 优先 `xvfb-run` 有头；纯 headless 易拦；Chromium+turnstilePatch、检查代理 |
+| 浏览器 connection fails / no interface | 无 DISPLAY：已自动 headless；仍失败则装 Chrome 并用 `xvfb-run -a ...` |
 | Hotmail 收不到码 | 检查四段凭证、ClientID/Token、IMAP 主机与 alias 计数 |
 | 有 token 但无 grok-4.5 | `cpa_base_url` 是否为 `cli-chat-proxy` |
 | 注册成功但无 `cpa_auths` | `cpa_export_enabled`？看 `cpa_auths/cpa_auth_failed.txt` |
diff --git a/auto_register.py b/auto_register.py
index 40d5ad2..20b3e63 100755
--- a/auto_register.py
+++ b/auto_register.py
@@ -196,6 +196,13 @@ def resolve_browser_path() -> str | None:
     return None
 
 
+def has_display() -> bool:
+    """True if Chromium can open a real GUI window (Windows always; else DISPLAY/WAYLAND)."""
+    if sys.platform == "win32":
+        return True
+    return bool((os.environ.get("DISPLAY") or "").strip() or (os.environ.get("WAYLAND_DISPLAY") or "").strip())
+
+
 def create_browser_options(headless: bool = False, proxy: str = "") -> ChromiumOptions:
     opts = ChromiumOptions()
     opts.auto_port()
@@ -217,8 +224,26 @@ def create_browser_options(headless: bool = False, proxy: str = "") -> ChromiumO
             print("[!] skip turnstilePatch: Google Chrome disallows --load-extension; use Chromium")
         else:
             opts.add_extension(EXTENSION_PATH)
-    if headless:
-        opts.headless()
+    # Auto headless when no DISPLAY (unless caller already requested headless)
+    use_headless = bool(headless) or not has_display()
+    if use_headless:
+        try:
+            opts.headless()
+        except Exception:
+            opts.set_argument("--headless=new")
+        for flag in ("--headless=new", "--disable-gpu", "--no-sandbox", "--disable-dev-shm-usage"):
+            try:
+                opts.set_argument(flag)
+            except Exception:
+                pass
+        if not headless and not has_display():
+            print(
+                f"[*] 无图形界面 (DISPLAY={os.environ.get('DISPLAY', '')!r})，已自动启用 headless。\n"
+                "    推荐: xvfb-run -a python auto_register.py ...  （过 CF 更稳）",
+                flush=True,
+            )
+        else:
+            print("[*] browser headless=True", flush=True)
     if proxy:
         try:
             from urllib.parse import urlparse
diff --git a/config.example.json b/config.example.json
index 00dcb71..43beb0e 100644
--- a/config.example.json
+++ b/config.example.json
@@ -56,6 +56,10 @@
   "// ===== 网络 / 浏览器 =====": "",
   "// proxy": "注册机主代理：Chromium + 邮箱 HTTP。可带账号 http://user:pass@host:port。优先于系统 https_proxy。",
   "proxy": "http://127.0.0.1:7890",
+  "// browser_headless": "注册 Chromium：true=强制无头，false=强制有头，auto/省略=无 DISPLAY 时自动 headless。也可用 env BROWSER_HEADLESS / CLI --headless|--headed。无头服务器建议 xvfb-run。",
+  "browser_headless": "auto",
+  "// browser_path": "可选，强制 Chromium/Chrome 可执行文件路径；默认自动探测 google-chrome-stable / chromium。",
+  "browser_path": "",
   "// user_agent": "Chromium UA；一般保持默认 Chrome 桌面串即可。",
   "user_agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/138.0.0.0 Safari/537.36",
   "// enable_nsfw": "注册成功后是否尝试打开 NSFW（历史字段；与 CPA 无关）",
@@ -145,7 +149,7 @@
   "cpa_base_url": "https://cli-chat-proxy.grok.com/v1",
   "// cpa_proxy": "OIDC mint 专用代理（device-code/token/probe/浏览器）。优先级: cpa_proxy > proxy > 环境 https_proxy。空=用 proxy。",
   "cpa_proxy": "http://127.0.0.1:7890",
-  "// cpa_headless": "device 确认浏览器是否无头。accounts.x.ai 建议 false（有头）",
+  "// cpa_headless": "回退浏览器是否无头。false=有头（推荐，过 CF 更稳）；true=无头；省略/auto 时无 DISPLAY 自动无头。无显示时即使 false 也会强制 headless 以免起不来。",
   "cpa_headless": false,
   "// cpa_force_standalone": "true=新开 Chromium+turnstilePatch 做 OIDC；勿复用注册 tab",
   "cpa_force_standalone": true,
diff --git a/cpa_export.py b/cpa_export.py
index 561dcde..84fbe6f 100644
--- a/cpa_export.py
+++ b/cpa_export.py
@@ -351,8 +351,38 @@ def export_cpa_xai_for_account(
             or os.environ.get("http_proxy")
             or ""
         ).strip()
-    # Default headed: headless is frequently Cloudflare-blocked on accounts.x.ai
-    headless = bool(cfg.get("cpa_headless", False))
+    # Default headed when a display exists; headless is frequently Cloudflare-blocked.
+    # On servers without DISPLAY, always force headless so Chromium can start.
+    has_disp = sys.platform == "win32" or bool(
+        (os.environ.get("DISPLAY") or "").strip()
+        or (os.environ.get("WAYLAND_DISPLAY") or "").strip()
+    )
+    cpa_hl_raw = cfg.get("cpa_headless", None)
+    if cpa_hl_raw is None:
+        # inherit browser_headless auto / explicit if set
+        cpa_hl_raw = cfg.get("browser_headless", "auto")
+    if isinstance(cpa_hl_raw, bool):
+        headless = cpa_hl_raw
+    else:
+        s = str(cpa_hl_raw or "auto").strip().lower()
+        if s in ("1", "true", "yes", "on", "headless"):
+            headless = True
+        elif s in ("0", "false", "no", "off", "headed", "gui"):
+            headless = False
+        else:
+            headless = not has_disp
+    if not has_disp and not headless:
+        headless = True
+        _log(
+            f"cpa browser forced headless (no DISPLAY={os.environ.get('DISPLAY', '')!r}); "
+            "prefer xvfb-run for Turnstile; protocol mint still preferred first"
+        )
+    elif headless and not bool(cfg.get("cpa_headless", False)):
+        _log(
+            "cpa browser headless auto/on "
+            f"(DISPLAY={os.environ.get('DISPLAY', '')!r}); "
+            "protocol mint still preferred first"
+        )
     probe = bool(cfg.get("cpa_probe_after_write", True))
     probe_chat = bool(cfg.get("cpa_probe_chat", False))
     timeout = float(cfg.get("cpa_mint_timeout_sec", 240))
diff --git a/cpa_xai/browser_confirm.py b/cpa_xai/browser_confirm.py
index 13aad05..75370f9 100644
--- a/cpa_xai/browser_confirm.py
+++ b/cpa_xai/browser_confirm.py
@@ -203,18 +203,33 @@ def create_standalone_page(
             except Exception as e:  # noqa: BLE001
                 log(f"extension add failed: {e}")
 
-    if headless:
+    # Auto-headless when no display (Linux server). Prefer register helpers if present.
+    display = (os.environ.get("DISPLAY") or "").strip()
+    wayland = (os.environ.get("WAYLAND_DISPLAY") or "").strip()
+    has_disp = sys.platform == "win32" or bool(display or wayland)
+    effective_headless = bool(headless) or not has_disp
+    if effective_headless and not headless and not has_disp:
+        log(
+            f"no DISPLAY/WAYLAND (DISPLAY={display!r}) — auto headless; "
+            "prefer: xvfb-run -a ... for better Turnstile success"
+        )
+    if effective_headless:
         try:
             opts.headless(True)
         except Exception:
             opts.set_argument("--headless=new")
+        for flag in ("--headless=new", "--disable-gpu", "--no-sandbox", "--disable-dev-shm-usage"):
+            try:
+                opts.set_argument(flag)
+            except Exception:
+                pass
         log("headless=True (may hit Cloudflare / break real clicks)")
     else:
         try:
             opts.headless(False)
         except Exception:
             pass
-        log(f"headed browser DISPLAY={os.environ.get('DISPLAY', '')!r}")
+        log(f"headed browser DISPLAY={display!r}")
 
     # Prefer Chromium: Google Chrome blocks --load-extension (turnstilePatch).
     for cand in (
diff --git a/grok_register_ttk.py b/grok_register_ttk.py
index 4deeced..e155e4e 100644
--- a/grok_register_ttk.py
+++ b/grok_register_ttk.py
@@ -57,6 +57,8 @@ DEFAULT_CONFIG = {
     "cloudmail_admin_email": "",
     "cloudmail_password": "",
     "cpa_gui_close_mint_browser": True,
+    "browser_headless": "auto",
+    "browser_path": "",
     "hotmail_accounts_file": "mail_credentials.txt",
     "hotmail_alias_mode": "random",
     "hotmail_alias_random_length": 8,
@@ -622,6 +624,154 @@ CHROMIUM_SLIM_FLAGS = [
     "--disable-blink-features=AutomationControlled",
 ]
 
+# Headless / display helpers (Linux servers without desktop)
+_HEADLESS_HINT_SHOWN = False
+_HEADLESS_HINT_LOCK = threading.Lock()
+
+
+def has_display() -> bool:
+    """Return True if a GUI display is likely available for Chromium.
+
+    - Windows: always True (Win32 GUI subsystem).
+    - Linux/macOS: need DISPLAY or WAYLAND_DISPLAY (Xvfb counts as DISPLAY).
+    """
+    if sys.platform == "win32":
+        return True
+    display = (os.environ.get("DISPLAY") or "").strip()
+    wayland = (os.environ.get("WAYLAND_DISPLAY") or "").strip()
+    return bool(display or wayland)
+
+
+def _truthy_headless(val) -> bool | None:
+    """Parse headless preference. True/False explicit; None means auto."""
+    if val is None:
+        return None
+    if isinstance(val, bool):
+        return val
+    s = str(val).strip().lower()
+    if s in ("", "auto", "default", "detect"):
+        return None
+    if s in ("1", "true", "yes", "on", "headless"):
+        return True
+    if s in ("0", "false", "no", "off", "headed", "gui"):
+        return False
+    return None
+
+
+def resolve_headless_preference(preference=None) -> bool | None:
+    """Resolve headless preference from arg → env → config → auto.
+
+    Returns:
+      True  = force headless
+      False = force headed
+      None  = auto (headless when no DISPLAY)
+    """
+    if preference is not None:
+        parsed = _truthy_headless(preference)
+        if parsed is not None or str(preference).strip().lower() in ("", "auto", "default", "detect"):
+            return parsed
+    env_raw = (os.environ.get("BROWSER_HEADLESS") or os.environ.get("GROK_HEADLESS") or "").strip()
+    if env_raw:
+        return _truthy_headless(env_raw)
+    try:
+        cfg_val = config.get("browser_headless", "auto") if isinstance(config, dict) else "auto"
+    except Exception:
+        cfg_val = "auto"
+    return _truthy_headless(cfg_val)
+
+
+def should_use_headless(preference=None, *, log_hint: bool = True) -> bool:
+    """Decide whether Chromium should start headless.
+
+    Auto (default): headless when no DISPLAY/WAYLAND_DISPLAY.
+    Force headed without display is impossible — still headless + warn.
+    """
+    pref = resolve_headless_preference(preference)
+    display_ok = has_display()
+    if pref is True:
+        if log_hint:
+            log_headless_mode(forced=True, auto=False, display_ok=display_ok)
+        return True
+    if pref is False:
+        if display_ok:
+            return False
+        # Cannot start headed without display — force headless
+        if log_hint:
+            log_headless_mode(forced=True, auto=True, display_ok=False, wanted_headed=True)
+        return True
+    # auto
+    use = not display_ok
+    if use and log_hint:
+        log_headless_mode(forced=False, auto=True, display_ok=False)
+    return use
+
+
+def log_headless_mode(
+    *,
+    forced: bool = False,
+    auto: bool = False,
+    display_ok: bool = False,
+    wanted_headed: bool = False,
+) -> None:
+    """Print one-shot guidance for headless / Xvfb on servers."""
+    global _HEADLESS_HINT_SHOWN
+    with _HEADLESS_HINT_LOCK:
+        if _HEADLESS_HINT_SHOWN:
+            return
+        _HEADLESS_HINT_SHOWN = True
+    disp = (os.environ.get("DISPLAY") or "").strip() or "(unset)"
+    wayland = (os.environ.get("WAYLAND_DISPLAY") or "").strip() or "(unset)"
+    if wanted_headed and not display_ok:
+        print(
+            f"[!] browser_headless=false/--headed 但无图形界面 "
+            f"(DISPLAY={disp}, WAYLAND_DISPLAY={wayland})，仍强制 headless，否则无法启动。",
+            flush=True,
+        )
+    elif auto and not display_ok:
+        print(
+            f"[*] 无图形界面 (DISPLAY={disp})，已自动启用 --headless=new。",
+            flush=True,
+        )
+    elif forced:
+        print("[*] 已强制启用 headless 浏览器。", flush=True)
+    else:
+        return
+    print(
+        "    提示: headless 更容易被 Cloudflare/Turnstile 拦截；无头服务器推荐虚拟显示:\n"
+        "      sudo apt install -y xvfb\n"
+        "      xvfb-run -a uv run python -u register_cli.py --extra 1 --threads 1\n"
+        "    或常驻: Xvfb :99 -screen 0 1920x1080x24 & export DISPLAY=:99\n"
+        "    强制无头: config browser_headless=true / env BROWSER_HEADLESS=1 / CLI --headless\n"
+        "    强制有头: config browser_headless=false / CLI --headed（需 DISPLAY 或 xvfb-run）",
+        flush=True,
+    )
+
+
+def apply_headless_to_options(options, headless: bool = True) -> None:
+    """Apply headless flags to ChromiumOptions (DrissionPage)."""
+    if not headless:
+        try:
+            options.headless(False)
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+        return
+    try:
+        options.headless(True)
+    except Exception:
+        try:
+            options.set_argument("--headless=new")
+        except Exception:
+            try:
+                options.set_argument("--headless")
+            except Exception:
+                pass
+    # Extra flags commonly needed on Linux servers
+    for flag in ("--headless=new", "--disable-gpu", "--no-sandbox", "--disable-dev-shm-usage"):
+        try:
+            options.set_argument(flag)
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+
 # Prefer Google Chrome for registration reliability (email delivery path).
 # Chromium is fallback; turnstilePatch extension only loads on Chromium.
 # On Chrome we inject the same patch via CDP add_init_js (see apply_stealth_patches).
@@ -723,7 +873,14 @@ def apply_stealth_patches(page=None, log_callback=None) -> bool:
     return ok
 
 
-def create_browser_options():
+def create_browser_options(headless=None):
+    """Build ChromiumOptions for register / TabPool.
+
+    headless:
+      None  → resolve from config/env/auto (no DISPLAY → headless)
+      True  → force headless
+      False → prefer headed (still headless if no DISPLAY)
+    """
     options = ChromiumOptions()
     options.auto_port()
     options.set_timeouts(base=1)
@@ -766,6 +923,16 @@ def create_browser_options():
                 options.set_argument(f"--proxy-server={scheme}://{host}:{port}")
         except Exception as e:
             print(f"  [proxy] set browser proxy failed: {e}")
+
+    use_hl = should_use_headless(headless, log_hint=True)
+    apply_headless_to_options(options, use_hl)
+    if use_hl:
+        print("  [browser] headless=True", flush=True)
+    else:
+        print(
+            f"  [browser] headed DISPLAY={os.environ.get('DISPLAY', '')!r}",
+            flush=True,
+        )
     return options
 
 
diff --git a/register_cli.py b/register_cli.py
index 859fe95..f2d8fc7 100644
--- a/register_cli.py
+++ b/register_cli.py
@@ -33,9 +33,11 @@ _orig_create_browser_options = reg.create_browser_options
 
 
 def _patched_create_browser_options():
-    # Prefer original factory (proxy + CHROMIUM_SLIM_FLAGS + extension)
+    # Prefer original factory (proxy + CHROMIUM_SLIM_FLAGS + extension + auto-headless)
+    used_orig = False
     try:
         opts = _orig_create_browser_options()
+        used_orig = True
     except Exception:
         from DrissionPage import ChromiumOptions
 
@@ -107,6 +109,30 @@ def _patched_create_browser_options():
                 opts.add_extension(ext_path)
             except Exception:
                 pass
+
+    # Fallback path only: original factory already applied headless when used_orig.
+    if not used_orig:
+        try:
+            apply = getattr(reg, "apply_headless_to_options", None)
+            should = getattr(reg, "should_use_headless", None)
+            if callable(apply) and callable(should):
+                use_hl = should(None, log_hint=True)
+                apply(opts, use_hl)
+                print(f"[browser] headless={use_hl} (fallback options)", flush=True)
+            else:
+                # Minimal fallback without helpers
+                has_disp = sys.platform == "win32" or bool(
+                    (os.environ.get("DISPLAY") or "").strip()
+                    or (os.environ.get("WAYLAND_DISPLAY") or "").strip()
+                )
+                if not has_disp:
+                    try:
+                        opts.headless(True)
+                    except Exception:
+                        opts.set_argument("--headless=new")
+                    print("[browser] headless=True (no DISPLAY, minimal fallback)", flush=True)
+        except Exception as exc:
+            print(f"[browser] headless apply failed: {exc}", flush=True)
     return opts
 
 
@@ -573,6 +599,16 @@ def main() -> int:
     parser.add_argument("--browser-recycle-every", type=int, default=25, help="复用 N 次后完整回收")
     parser.add_argument("--cookie-snapshot", action="store_true", help="注册成功写 cookie 快照（默认关，fast）")
     parser.add_argument("--inline-mint", action="store_true", help="强制注册线程内联 mint（调试用）")
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--headless",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="强制无头浏览器（无 DISPLAY 时默认也会自动 headless）",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--headed",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="强制有头浏览器（需 DISPLAY；无显示时仍会回退 headless 并提示 Xvfb）",
+    )
     args = parser.parse_args()
 
     reg.load_config()
@@ -580,6 +616,19 @@ def main() -> int:
     threads = max(1, min(args.threads, 10))
     fast = bool(args.fast) and not bool(args.no_fast)
 
+    # Headless preference: CLI > config/env/auto (no DISPLAY → headless)
+    if args.headless and args.headed:
+        print("[!] --headless 与 --headed 互斥，忽略 --headed", flush=True)
+        args.headed = False
+    if args.headless:
+        cfg0["browser_headless"] = True
+        if isinstance(getattr(reg, "config", None), dict):
+            reg.config["browser_headless"] = True
+    elif args.headed:
+        cfg0["browser_headless"] = False
+        if isinstance(getattr(reg, "config", None), dict):
+            reg.config["browser_headless"] = False
+
     mint_workers = resolve_mint_workers(
         cli_value=args.mint_workers,
         threads=threads,
@@ -639,6 +688,28 @@ def main() -> int:
         print("[*] 所有账号已完成，无需继续（可用 --extra N 再注册）", flush=True)
         return 0
 
+    # Surface display/headless decision early (before TabPool cold-start)
+    try:
+        will_hl = reg.should_use_headless(None, log_hint=True)
+        has_disp = reg.has_display()
+        print(
+            f"[*] browser mode: {'headless' if will_hl else 'headed'} "
+            f"(DISPLAY={os.environ.get('DISPLAY', '')!r} has_display={has_disp})",
+            flush=True,
+        )
+        # Keep cpa browser fallback aligned when config left cpa_headless unset/false
+        # and we are on a headless host — only auto-enable if user did not force headed.
+        if will_hl and not args.headed:
+            if "cpa_headless" not in cfg0 or cfg0.get("cpa_headless") is False:
+                # Auto-headless host: enable cpa headless unless explicitly headed CLI
+                if not has_disp:
+                    cfg0["cpa_headless"] = True
+                    if isinstance(getattr(reg, "config", None), dict):
+                        reg.config["cpa_headless"] = True
+                    print("[*] cpa_headless 自动=true（无 DISPLAY；协议 mint 仍优先纯 HTTP）", flush=True)
+    except Exception as exc:
+        print(f"[!] headless probe failed: {exc}", flush=True)
+
     log_thread = threading.Thread(target=_log_writer, daemon=True)
     log_thread.start()
 
@@ -646,6 +717,12 @@ def main() -> int:
         reg.TabPool.init(reg.create_browser_options, log_callback=lambda m: log(0, m))
     except Exception as exc:
         print(f"[!] 浏览器初始化失败: {exc}", flush=True)
+        if not reg.has_display():
+            print(
+                "[!] 无 DISPLAY 时若仍失败，请检查 Chrome/Chromium 是否安装，并尝试:\n"
+                "      xvfb-run -a uv run python -u register_cli.py --extra 1 --threads 1",
+                flush=True,
+            )
         return 1
 
     task_queue: queue.Queue = queue.Queue()
diff --git a/start.sh b/start.sh
index c191d29..21460a5 100755
--- a/start.sh
+++ b/start.sh
@@ -15,6 +15,12 @@
 #    3. 同步 Python 依赖
 #    4. 尝试安装 Chrome/Chromium（如缺失且有权限）
 #    5. 从模板复制 .env / config.json（如缺失）
+#    6. 无 DISPLAY 时自动装/启 Xvfb（虚拟显示，过 CF 比纯 headless 稳）
+#
+#  环境变量:
+#    SKIP_XVFB=1          # 强制不用 Xvfb（走 Python 侧自动 headless）
+#    FORCE_XVFB=1         # 即使已有 DISPLAY 也用 xvfb-run 包一层
+#    XVFB_DISPLAY=:99     # 常驻 Xvfb 使用的 display（默认 :99）
 # ============================================================================
 set -euo pipefail
 
@@ -32,6 +38,11 @@ cd "$PROJECT_DIR"
 # uv 常见安装路径，确保后续命令能找到
 export PATH="$HOME/.local/bin:$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
 
+# 启动包装：默认直接 exec；无桌面时改为 xvfb-run / 自启 Xvfb
+RUN_PREFIX=()
+USE_XVFB=0
+XVFB_MODE=""   # xvfb-run | persistent | none
+
 echo -e "${CYAN}${BOLD}============================================${NC}"
 echo -e "${CYAN}${BOLD}   Grok 注册机 - 一键启动 (Linux/macOS)${NC}"
 echo -e "${CYAN}${BOLD}============================================${NC}"
@@ -41,9 +52,159 @@ have_cmd() {
     command -v "$1" &>/dev/null
 }
 
+# 是否已有可用图形显示（含用户已 export 的 DISPLAY / Wayland）
+has_display() {
+    [ -n "${DISPLAY:-}" ] || [ -n "${WAYLAND_DISPLAY:-}" ]
+}
+
+# 尝试用包管理器安装 xvfb（仅免密 sudo 时自动装）
+try_install_xvfb() {
+    if have_cmd xvfb-run || have_cmd Xvfb; then
+        return 0
+    fi
+
+    echo -e "  ${YELLOW}⚠${NC} 未检测到 Xvfb，尝试自动安装..."
+
+    if have_cmd apt-get && have_cmd sudo && sudo -n true 2>/dev/null; then
+        echo "  → apt 安装 xvfb..."
+        if sudo DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive apt-get update -qq \
+            && sudo DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive apt-get install -y -qq xvfb 2>/dev/null; then
+            echo -e "  ${GREEN}✓${NC} xvfb 安装成功"
+            return 0
+        fi
+    elif have_cmd dnf && have_cmd sudo && sudo -n true 2>/dev/null; then
+        echo "  → dnf 安装 xorg-x11-server-Xvfb..."
+        if sudo dnf install -y xorg-x11-server-Xvfb 2>/dev/null; then
+            echo -e "  ${GREEN}✓${NC} Xvfb 安装成功"
+            return 0
+        fi
+    elif have_cmd pacman && have_cmd sudo && sudo -n true 2>/dev/null; then
+        echo "  → pacman 安装 xorg-server-xvfb..."
+        if sudo pacman -Sy --noconfirm xorg-server-xvfb 2>/dev/null; then
+            echo -e "  ${GREEN}✓${NC} Xvfb 安装成功"
+            return 0
+        fi
+    elif have_cmd yum && have_cmd sudo && sudo -n true 2>/dev/null; then
+        echo "  → yum 安装 xorg-x11-server-Xvfb..."
+        if sudo yum install -y xorg-x11-server-Xvfb 2>/dev/null; then
+            echo -e "  ${GREEN}✓${NC} Xvfb 安装成功"
+            return 0
+        fi
+    else
+        echo -e "  ${YELLOW}⚠${NC} 无法自动安装（需要免密 sudo 或手动装）"
+        echo "    Ubuntu/Debian: sudo apt install -y xvfb"
+        echo "    Fedora:        sudo dnf install -y xorg-x11-server-Xvfb"
+        echo "    Arch:          sudo pacman -S xorg-server-xvfb"
+    fi
+
+    if have_cmd xvfb-run || have_cmd Xvfb; then
+        return 0
+    fi
+    return 1
+}
+
+# 启动常驻 Xvfb 并 export DISPLAY
+start_persistent_xvfb() {
+    local disp="${XVFB_DISPLAY:-:99}"
+    local sock="/tmp/.X11-unix/X${disp#:}"
+
+    # 已有该 display 的 X socket 则直接复用
+    if [ -S "$sock" ] 2>/dev/null; then
+        export DISPLAY="$disp"
+        echo -e "  ${GREEN}✓${NC} 复用已有 Xvfb DISPLAY=$DISPLAY"
+        return 0
+    fi
+    if ! have_cmd Xvfb; then
+        return 1
+    fi
+    echo "  → 启动常驻 Xvfb $disp ..."
+    # 后台起；失败不阻断（上层会回退 headless）
+    Xvfb "$disp" -screen 0 1920x1080x24 -ac +extension GLX +render -noreset \
+        >/tmp/grok-xvfb.log 2>&1 &
+    local xvfb_pid=$!
+    sleep 0.5
+    if [ -S "$sock" ] 2>/dev/null || kill -0 "$xvfb_pid" 2>/dev/null; then
+        export DISPLAY="$disp"
+        echo -e "  ${GREEN}✓${NC} Xvfb 已启动 DISPLAY=$DISPLAY pid=$xvfb_pid (log: /tmp/grok-xvfb.log)"
+        return 0
+    fi
+    echo -e "  ${YELLOW}⚠${NC} 常驻 Xvfb 启动失败，见 /tmp/grok-xvfb.log"
+    return 1
+}
+
+# 无桌面时准备虚拟显示；成功则 RUN_PREFIX / DISPLAY 已设好
+step6_ensure_display() {
+    echo -e "${CYAN}[6/6] 检测图形显示 / 自动 Xvfb...${NC}"
+
+    # macOS 一般有 Aqua，不强制 Xvfb
+    if [ "$(uname -s 2>/dev/null || echo unknown)" = "Darwin" ]; then
+        if has_display; then
+            echo -e "  ${GREEN}✓${NC} macOS 已有显示 DISPLAY=${DISPLAY:-} WAYLAND=${WAYLAND_DISPLAY:-}"
+        else
+            echo -e "  ${GREEN}✓${NC} macOS：不强制 Xvfb（Python 侧可 headless）"
+        fi
+        USE_XVFB=0
+        XVFB_MODE="none"
+        return 0
+    fi
+
+    if [ "${SKIP_XVFB:-0}" = "1" ]; then
+        echo -e "  ${YELLOW}⚠${NC} SKIP_XVFB=1：跳过虚拟显示，走 Python 自动 headless"
+        USE_XVFB=0
+        XVFB_MODE="none"
+        return 0
+    fi
+
+    local need_xvfb=0
+    if [ "${FORCE_XVFB:-0}" = "1" ]; then
+        need_xvfb=1
+        echo -e "  ${CYAN}→${NC} FORCE_XVFB=1，将使用虚拟显示"
+    elif ! has_display; then
+        need_xvfb=1
+        echo -e "  ${YELLOW}⚠${NC} 无 DISPLAY/WAYLAND（无头服务器），准备自动启用 Xvfb"
+    else
+        echo -e "  ${GREEN}✓${NC} 已有显示 DISPLAY=${DISPLAY:-} WAYLAND=${WAYLAND_DISPLAY:-}"
+        USE_XVFB=0
+        XVFB_MODE="none"
+        return 0
+    fi
+
+    if [ "$need_xvfb" -ne 1 ]; then
+        return 0
+    fi
+
+    try_install_xvfb || true
+
+    # 优先 xvfb-run（自动分配 display，最省心）
+    if have_cmd xvfb-run; then
+        RUN_PREFIX=(xvfb-run -a -s "-screen 0 1920x1080x24")
+        USE_XVFB=1
+        XVFB_MODE="xvfb-run"
+        echo -e "  ${GREEN}✓${NC} 将用 xvfb-run 启动（虚拟有头，利于过 CF/Turnstile）"
+        echo "    若需纯 headless: SKIP_XVFB=1 ./start.sh ..."
+        return 0
+    fi
+
+    # 其次常驻 Xvfb + export DISPLAY
+    if start_persistent_xvfb; then
+        RUN_PREFIX=()
+        USE_XVFB=1
+        XVFB_MODE="persistent"
+        echo -e "  ${GREEN}✓${NC} 使用常驻 Xvfb DISPLAY=$DISPLAY"
+        return 0
+    fi
+
+    # 都失败 → Python 侧 create_browser_options 会自动 headless
+    echo -e "  ${YELLOW}⚠${NC} 未能启用 Xvfb，将依赖 Python 自动 headless（可能更易被 CF 拦）"
+    echo "    手动: sudo apt install -y xvfb && xvfb-run -a ./start.sh"
+    USE_XVFB=0
+    XVFB_MODE="none"
+    return 0
+}
+
 # ── 0. 基础工具 ──
 step0_basics() {
-    echo -e "${CYAN}[0/5] 检查基础工具...${NC}"
+    echo -e "${CYAN}[0/6] 检查基础工具...${NC}"
     if ! have_cmd curl && ! have_cmd wget; then
         echo -e "  ${RED}✗${NC} 需要 curl 或 wget 才能自动安装环境"
         echo "  请先安装: sudo apt install -y curl   或   sudo yum install -y curl"
@@ -58,7 +219,7 @@ step0_basics() {
 
 # ── 1. 检测/安装 uv ──
 step1_install_uv() {
-    echo -e "${CYAN}[1/5] 检测/安装 uv 包管理器...${NC}"
+    echo -e "${CYAN}[1/6] 检测/安装 uv 包管理器...${NC}"
 
     if have_cmd uv; then
         echo -e "  ${GREEN}✓${NC} uv: $(uv --version 2>&1)"
@@ -92,7 +253,7 @@ step1_install_uv() {
 # ── 2. 检测/安装 Python 3.13 ──
 # 策略: 优先系统/mise 已有 3.13；否则用 uv 下载管理 Python
 step2_install_python() {
-    echo -e "${CYAN}[2/5] 检测/安装 Python 3.13...${NC}"
+    echo -e "${CYAN}[2/6] 检测/安装 Python 3.13...${NC}"
     PYTHON_BIN=""
 
     # mise 托管的 python
@@ -160,7 +321,7 @@ step2_install_python() {
 
 # ── 3. 同步依赖 ──
 step3_sync_deps() {
-    echo -e "${CYAN}[3/5] 同步 Python 依赖...${NC}"
+    echo -e "${CYAN}[3/6] 同步 Python 依赖...${NC}"
 
     # 固定使用 3.13，避免系统默认 python 过旧
     if ! uv sync --python 3.13; then
@@ -176,7 +337,7 @@ step3_sync_deps() {
 
 # ── 4. 检测/尝试安装浏览器 ──
 step4_check_browser() {
-    echo -e "${CYAN}[4/5] 检测/安装浏览器...${NC}"
+    echo -e "${CYAN}[4/6] 检测/安装浏览器...${NC}"
 
     local candidate
     for candidate in \
@@ -262,7 +423,7 @@ step4_check_browser() {
 
 # ── 5. 配置文件模板 ──
 step5_config_templates() {
-    echo -e "${CYAN}[5/5] 检查配置文件...${NC}"
+    echo -e "${CYAN}[5/6] 检查配置文件...${NC}"
 
     if [ ! -f "$PROJECT_DIR/.env" ] && [ -f "$PROJECT_DIR/.env.example" ]; then
         cp "$PROJECT_DIR/.env.example" "$PROJECT_DIR/.env"
@@ -298,10 +459,19 @@ main() {
     echo ""
     step5_config_templates || exit 1
     echo ""
+    step6_ensure_display
+    echo ""
 
     echo -e "${CYAN}${BOLD}============================================${NC}"
     echo -e "${GREEN}${BOLD}  环境就绪，启动 register_cli.py${NC}"
     echo -e "${CYAN}${BOLD}============================================${NC}"
+    if [ "$USE_XVFB" = "1" ]; then
+        echo -e "  显示模式: ${GREEN}Xvfb (${XVFB_MODE})${NC}  DISPLAY=${DISPLAY:-(xvfb-run 自动分配)}"
+    elif has_display; then
+        echo -e "  显示模式: ${GREEN}headed${NC}  DISPLAY=${DISPLAY:-} WAYLAND=${WAYLAND_DISPLAY:-}"
+    else
+        echo -e "  显示模式: ${YELLOW}headless (Python 自动)${NC}"
+    fi
     echo ""
 
     # 默认不限数量（--count 0），除非用户显式传参
@@ -320,7 +490,13 @@ main() {
         mise install >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
     fi
 
-    exec uv run --python 3.13 python -u register_cli.py "${args[@]}"
+    if [ ${#RUN_PREFIX[@]} -gt 0 ]; then
+        echo -e "${CYAN}[*] 启动命令: ${RUN_PREFIX[*]} uv run --python 3.13 python -u register_cli.py ${args[*]}${NC}"
+        echo ""
+        exec "${RUN_PREFIX[@]}" uv run --python 3.13 python -u register_cli.py "${args[@]}"
+    else
+        exec uv run --python 3.13 python -u register_cli.py "${args[@]}"
+    fi
 }
 
 main "$@"