diff --git a/start.sh b/start.sh
index 6676bd0..d041965 100755
--- a/start.sh
+++ b/start.sh
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 #    1. 安装 uv（如缺失）
 #    2. 安装 Python 3.13（如缺失，经 uv 管理）
 #    3. 同步 Python 依赖
-#    4. 尝试安装 Chrome/Chromium（如缺失且有权限）
+#    4. 优先安装/选用 Chromium（可加载 turnstilePatch；仅 Chrome 过 CF 易失败）
 #    5. 从模板复制 .env / config.json（如缺失）
 #    6. 无 DISPLAY 时自动装/启 Xvfb（虚拟显示，过 CF 比纯 headless 稳）
 #
@@ -21,6 +21,9 @@
 #    SKIP_XVFB=1          # 强制不用 Xvfb（走 Python 侧自动 headless）
 #    FORCE_XVFB=1         # 即使已有 DISPLAY 也用 xvfb-run 包一层
 #    XVFB_DISPLAY=:99     # 常驻 Xvfb 使用的 display（默认 :99）
+#    BROWSER_PREFER=chromium|chrome|auto   # 覆盖浏览器偏好（默认有 Chromium 时强制 chromium）
+#    BROWSER_PATH=/path/to/browser         # 强制浏览器可执行文件
+#    SKIP_BROWSER_INSTALL=1                # 跳过自动安装 Chromium
 # ============================================================================
 set -euo pipefail
 
@@ -43,6 +46,10 @@ RUN_PREFIX=()
 USE_XVFB=0
 XVFB_MODE=""   # xvfb-run | persistent | none
 
+# 浏览器探测结果（step4 写入；main 启动前 export 给 Python）
+SELECTED_BROWSER=""
+SELECTED_BROWSER_KIND=""   # chromium | chrome | none
+
 echo -e "${CYAN}${BOLD}============================================${NC}"
 echo -e "${CYAN}${BOLD}   Grok 注册机 - 一键启动 (Linux/macOS)${NC}"
 echo -e "${CYAN}${BOLD}============================================${NC}"
@@ -335,127 +342,237 @@ step3_sync_deps() {
     echo -e "  ${GREEN}✓${NC} 依赖同步完成"
 }
 
-# ── 4. 检测/尝试安装浏览器 ──
-step4_check_browser() {
-    echo -e "${CYAN}[4/6] 检测/安装浏览器...${NC}"
+# 解析路径：command -v 或可执行绝对路径
+_resolve_bin() {
+    local cand="$1"
+    if [ -z "$cand" ]; then
+        return 1
+    fi
+    if [ -x "$cand" ] 2>/dev/null; then
+        # resolve symlinks when possible
+        if have_cmd readlink; then
+            readlink -f "$cand" 2>/dev/null || echo "$cand"
+        else
+            echo "$cand"
+        fi
+        return 0
+    fi
+    if have_cmd "$cand"; then
+        local p
+        p="$(command -v "$cand" 2>/dev/null || true)"
+        if [ -n "$p" ]; then
+            if have_cmd readlink; then
+                readlink -f "$p" 2>/dev/null || echo "$p"
+            else
+                echo "$p"
+            fi
+            return 0
+        fi
+    fi
+    return 1
+}
 
-    # Prefer Chromium for turnstilePatch (--load-extension works).
-    # Google Chrome alone often leaves CF token=0 on Xvfb servers.
-    local candidate
-    local found_chromium=""
-    local found_chrome=""
+find_chromium_bin() {
+    local candidate p
     for candidate in \
-        chromium chromium-browser \
-        /usr/bin/chromium /usr/bin/chromium-browser /snap/bin/chromium; do
-        if have_cmd "$candidate" || [ -x "$candidate" ] 2>/dev/null; then
-            found_chromium="$(command -v "$candidate" 2>/dev/null || echo "$candidate")"
-            break
+        "${BROWSER_PATH:-}" \
+        chromium \
+        chromium-browser \
+        /usr/bin/chromium \
+        /usr/bin/chromium-browser \
+        /snap/bin/chromium \
+        /usr/lib/chromium/chromium \
+        /usr/lib/chromium-browser/chromium-browser \
+        "/Applications/Chromium.app/Contents/MacOS/Chromium"; do
+        [ -z "$candidate" ] && continue
+        # if BROWSER_PATH points to chrome, skip in chromium finder
+        case "$candidate" in
+            *google-chrome*|*chrome*)
+                # only accept if path name contains chromium
+                case "$candidate" in
+                    *chromium*) ;;
+                    *) continue ;;
+                esac
+                ;;
+        esac
+        if p="$(_resolve_bin "$candidate")"; then
+            case "$p" in
+                *google-chrome*) continue ;;
+            esac
+            echo "$p"
+            return 0
         fi
     done
+    return 1
+}
+
+find_chrome_bin() {
+    local candidate p
     for candidate in \
-        google-chrome-stable google-chrome \
-        /usr/bin/google-chrome-stable /usr/bin/google-chrome \
+        google-chrome-stable \
+        google-chrome \
+        /usr/bin/google-chrome-stable \
+        /usr/bin/google-chrome \
         "/Applications/Google Chrome.app/Contents/MacOS/Google Chrome"; do
-        if have_cmd "$candidate" || [ -x "$candidate" ] 2>/dev/null; then
-            found_chrome="$(command -v "$candidate" 2>/dev/null || echo "$candidate")"
-            break
+        if p="$(_resolve_bin "$candidate")"; then
+            echo "$p"
+            return 0
         fi
     done
+    return 1
+}
 
-    if [ -n "$found_chromium" ]; then
-        echo -e "  ${GREEN}✓${NC} Chromium: $found_chromium （可加载 turnstilePatch）"
-        if [ -n "$found_chrome" ]; then
-            echo -e "  ${CYAN}·${NC} 另检测到 Chrome: $found_chrome（注册默认优先 Chromium）"
+# 选中浏览器并 export，供 register_cli / create_browser_options 使用
+select_and_export_browser() {
+    local chromium_bin="" chrome_bin=""
+    chromium_bin="$(find_chromium_bin 2>/dev/null || true)"
+    chrome_bin="$(find_chrome_bin 2>/dev/null || true)"
+
+    # 用户显式 BROWSER_PATH 优先
+    if [ -n "${BROWSER_PATH:-}" ] && [ -x "${BROWSER_PATH}" ]; then
+        SELECTED_BROWSER="$BROWSER_PATH"
+        case "$SELECTED_BROWSER" in
+            *chromium*) SELECTED_BROWSER_KIND="chromium" ;;
+            *) SELECTED_BROWSER_KIND="chrome" ;;
+        esac
+    elif [ -n "$chromium_bin" ]; then
+        SELECTED_BROWSER="$chromium_bin"
+        SELECTED_BROWSER_KIND="chromium"
+    elif [ -n "$chrome_bin" ]; then
+        SELECTED_BROWSER="$chrome_bin"
+        SELECTED_BROWSER_KIND="chrome"
+    else
+        SELECTED_BROWSER=""
+        SELECTED_BROWSER_KIND="none"
+        return 1
+    fi
+
+    # 有 Chromium 时强制偏好 chromium，避免 Python 仍选到 Chrome
+    if [ "$SELECTED_BROWSER_KIND" = "chromium" ]; then
+        export BROWSER_PREFER="${BROWSER_PREFER:-chromium}"
+        export BROWSER_PATH="$SELECTED_BROWSER"
+        export CHROMIUM_PATH="$SELECTED_BROWSER"
+    else
+        # 仅 Chrome：不写 BROWSER_PATH 强制，但打印警告；Python 侧也会提示
+        export BROWSER_PREFER="${BROWSER_PREFER:-chrome}"
+        export BROWSER_PATH="$SELECTED_BROWSER"
+    fi
+    return 0
+}
+
+try_install_chromium() {
+    if [ "${SKIP_BROWSER_INSTALL:-0}" = "1" ]; then
+        echo -e "  ${YELLOW}⚠${NC} SKIP_BROWSER_INSTALL=1，跳过自动安装 Chromium"
+        return 1
+    fi
+
+    local ok=false
+
+    # Debian/Ubuntu
+    if have_cmd apt-get && have_cmd sudo; then
+        if sudo -n true 2>/dev/null; then
+            echo "  → apt 安装 chromium（免密 sudo）..."
+            sudo apt-get update -qq 2>/dev/null || true
+            # 不同发行版包名不一，逐个试
+            if sudo DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive apt-get install -y -qq chromium 2>/dev/null \
+                || sudo DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive apt-get install -y -qq chromium-browser 2>/dev/null; then
+                ok=true
+            fi
+            # Ubuntu 常见 snap 包
+            if ! $ok && have_cmd snap && sudo -n true 2>/dev/null; then
+                echo "  → snap 安装 chromium..."
+                if sudo snap install chromium 2>/dev/null; then
+                    ok=true
+                fi
+            fi
+        else
+            echo -e "  ${YELLOW}⚠${NC} 需要交互 sudo，无法自动装 Chromium"
+            echo "    请手动: sudo apt install -y chromium   或   sudo snap install chromium"
+        fi
+    # Arch
+    elif have_cmd pacman && have_cmd sudo && sudo -n true 2>/dev/null; then
+        echo "  → pacman 安装 chromium..."
+        if sudo pacman -Sy --noconfirm chromium 2>/dev/null; then
+            ok=true
+        fi
+    # Fedora/RHEL
+    elif have_cmd dnf && have_cmd sudo && sudo -n true 2>/dev/null; then
+        echo "  → dnf 安装 chromium..."
+        if sudo dnf install -y chromium 2>/dev/null; then
+            ok=true
+        fi
+    elif have_cmd yum && have_cmd sudo && sudo -n true 2>/dev/null; then
+        echo "  → yum 安装 chromium..."
+        if sudo yum install -y chromium 2>/dev/null; then
+            ok=true
+        fi
+    # macOS
+    elif have_cmd brew; then
+        echo "  → brew 安装 chromium..."
+        if brew install --cask chromium 2>/dev/null; then
+            ok=true
+        fi
+    fi
+
+    if $ok; then
+        echo -e "  ${GREEN}✓${NC} Chromium 安装命令已成功"
+        return 0
+    fi
+    return 1
+}
+
+# ── 4. 检测/尝试安装浏览器（优先 Chromium） ──
+step4_check_browser() {
+    echo -e "${CYAN}[4/6] 检测/安装浏览器（优先 Chromium + turnstilePatch）...${NC}"
+
+    # 已有 Chromium → 直接选用
+    if select_and_export_browser && [ "$SELECTED_BROWSER_KIND" = "chromium" ]; then
+        echo -e "  ${GREEN}✓${NC} Chromium: $SELECTED_BROWSER"
+        echo -e "  ${CYAN}·${NC} export BROWSER_PREFER=$BROWSER_PREFER BROWSER_PATH=$BROWSER_PATH"
+        local chrome_extra
+        chrome_extra="$(find_chrome_bin 2>/dev/null || true)"
+        if [ -n "$chrome_extra" ]; then
+            echo -e "  ${CYAN}·${NC} 另检测到 Chrome: $chrome_extra（已忽略，注册强制 Chromium）"
         fi
         return 0
     fi
 
-    if [ -n "$found_chrome" ]; then
-        echo -e "  ${YELLOW}⚠${NC} 仅有 Google Chrome: $found_chrome"
-        echo "    Chrome 无法加载 turnstilePatch，Turnstile 容易 token=0。"
+    if [ "$SELECTED_BROWSER_KIND" = "chrome" ]; then
+        echo -e "  ${YELLOW}⚠${NC} 仅有 Google Chrome: $SELECTED_BROWSER"
+        echo "    Chrome 禁止 --load-extension，无法加载 turnstilePatch，Turnstile 常 token=0。"
         echo "    将尝试安装 Chromium..."
     else
-        echo -e "  ${YELLOW}⚠${NC} 未检测到 Chrome/Chromium，尝试自动安装 Chromium..."
+        echo -e "  ${YELLOW}⚠${NC} 未检测到浏览器，尝试自动安装 Chromium..."
     fi
 
-    local installed=false
+    try_install_chromium || true
 
-    # Debian/Ubuntu — prefer chromium (extension support)
-    if have_cmd apt-get; then
-        if have_cmd sudo; then
-            if sudo -n true 2>/dev/null; then
-                echo "  → 使用 apt 安装 chromium（免密 sudo）..."
-                if sudo apt-get update -qq && sudo DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive apt-get install -y -qq chromium chromium-browser 2>/dev/null; then
-                    installed=true
-                fi
-            else
-                echo -e "  ${YELLOW}⚠${NC} 检测到 apt，但需要交互 sudo，跳过自动安装浏览器"
-                echo "    可手动: sudo apt install -y chromium"
-            fi
-        fi
-    # Arch
-    elif have_cmd pacman; then
-        if have_cmd sudo && sudo -n true 2>/dev/null; then
-            echo "  → 使用 pacman 安装 chromium..."
-            if sudo pacman -Sy --noconfirm chromium 2>/dev/null; then
-                installed=true
-            fi
-        else
-            echo "    可手动: sudo pacman -S chromium"
-        fi
-    # Fedora/RHEL
-    elif have_cmd dnf; then
-        if have_cmd sudo && sudo -n true 2>/dev/null; then
-            echo "  → 使用 dnf 安装 chromium..."
-            if sudo dnf install -y chromium 2>/dev/null; then
-                installed=true
-            fi
-        else
-            echo "    可手动: sudo dnf install -y chromium"
-        fi
-    # macOS Homebrew — chromium cask if available, else chrome
-    elif have_cmd brew; then
-        echo "  → 使用 Homebrew 安装 chromium / chrome..."
-        if brew install --cask chromium 2>/dev/null || brew install --cask google-chrome 2>/dev/null; then
-            installed=true
-        fi
+    # 刷新 PATH（snap 等）
+    export PATH="/snap/bin:$PATH"
+
+    if select_and_export_browser && [ "$SELECTED_BROWSER_KIND" = "chromium" ]; then
+        echo -e "  ${GREEN}✓${NC} Chromium 已就绪: $SELECTED_BROWSER"
+        echo -e "  ${CYAN}·${NC} export BROWSER_PREFER=$BROWSER_PREFER BROWSER_PATH=$BROWSER_PATH"
+        return 0
     fi
 
-    # 再检测一次（Chromium 优先）
-    for candidate in \
-        chromium chromium-browser \
-        /usr/bin/chromium /usr/bin/chromium-browser /snap/bin/chromium \
-        google-chrome-stable google-chrome \
-        /usr/bin/google-chrome-stable /usr/bin/google-chrome \
-        "/Applications/Google Chrome.app/Contents/MacOS/Google Chrome"; do
-        if have_cmd "$candidate" || [ -x "$candidate" ] 2>/dev/null; then
-            local resolved
-            resolved="$(command -v "$candidate" 2>/dev/null || echo "$candidate")"
-            case "$resolved" in
-                *chromium*)
-                    echo -e "  ${GREEN}✓${NC} 浏览器已就绪 (Chromium): $resolved"
-                    return 0
-                    ;;
-                *)
-                    echo -e "  ${YELLOW}⚠${NC} 仅有 Chrome: $resolved"
-                    echo "    注册机将用 CDP stealth；过 CF 仍建议: sudo apt install -y chromium"
-                    return 0
-                    ;;
-            esac
-        fi
-    done
-
-    if $installed; then
-        echo -e "  ${YELLOW}⚠${NC} 安装命令已执行，但仍未在 PATH 中找到浏览器，请重启终端后重试"
-    else
-        echo -e "  ${YELLOW}⚠${NC} 未能自动安装浏览器"
-        echo "  注册需要 Chromium（推荐，可加载 turnstilePatch）或 Chrome。"
-        echo "  手动安装示例:"
-        echo "    Ubuntu/Debian: sudo apt install -y chromium"
-        echo "    Arch:          sudo pacman -S chromium"
-        echo "    macOS:         brew install --cask chromium"
-        echo "  ${YELLOW}脚本将继续，注册可能因缺少浏览器 / Turnstile 失败。${NC}"
+    if [ "$SELECTED_BROWSER_KIND" = "chrome" ]; then
+        echo -e "  ${YELLOW}⚠${NC} 仍只有 Google Chrome: $SELECTED_BROWSER"
+        echo "    注册将继续，但 CF/Turnstile 成功率低。"
+        echo "    请尽快: sudo apt install -y chromium   或   sudo snap install chromium"
+        echo -e "  ${CYAN}·${NC} 当前 BROWSER_PATH=$BROWSER_PATH"
+        return 0
     fi
+
+    echo -e "  ${YELLOW}⚠${NC} 未能找到任何浏览器"
+    echo "  注册需要 Chromium（推荐）才能稳定过 Turnstile。"
+    echo "  手动安装:"
+    echo "    Ubuntu/Debian: sudo apt install -y chromium"
+    echo "                   或 sudo snap install chromium"
+    echo "    Arch:          sudo pacman -S chromium"
+    echo "    Fedora:        sudo dnf install -y chromium"
+    echo "    macOS:         brew install --cask chromium"
+    echo "  ${YELLOW}脚本将继续，注册很可能失败。${NC}"
 }
 
 # ── 5. 配置文件模板 ──
@@ -499,6 +616,9 @@ main() {
     step6_ensure_display
     echo ""
 
+    # 启动前再确认一次浏览器 env（step4 可能装完后 PATH 变化）
+    select_and_export_browser || true
+
     echo -e "${CYAN}${BOLD}============================================${NC}"
     echo -e "${GREEN}${BOLD}  环境就绪，启动 register_cli.py${NC}"
     echo -e "${CYAN}${BOLD}============================================${NC}"
@@ -509,6 +629,18 @@ main() {
     else
         echo -e "  显示模式: ${YELLOW}headless (Python 自动)${NC}"
     fi
+    if [ -n "${SELECTED_BROWSER:-}" ]; then
+        if [ "${SELECTED_BROWSER_KIND:-}" = "chromium" ]; then
+            echo -e "  浏览器: ${GREEN}Chromium${NC}  $SELECTED_BROWSER"
+            echo -e "  扩展:   ${GREEN}turnstilePatch 可加载${NC}"
+        else
+            echo -e "  浏览器: ${YELLOW}Chrome（无扩展，Turnstile 易失败）${NC}  $SELECTED_BROWSER"
+            echo -e "  建议:   ${YELLOW}sudo apt install -y chromium${NC}"
+        fi
+        echo -e "  env:    BROWSER_PREFER=${BROWSER_PREFER:-} BROWSER_PATH=${BROWSER_PATH:-}"
+    else
+        echo -e "  浏览器: ${RED}未检测到${NC}"
+    fi
     echo ""
 
     # 默认不限数量（--count 0），除非用户显式传参
@@ -527,12 +659,28 @@ main() {
         mise install >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
     fi
 
+    # 显式把浏览器相关 env 传给子进程，避免 Python 仍选到 Chrome
+    export BROWSER_PREFER="${BROWSER_PREFER:-}"
+    export BROWSER_PATH="${BROWSER_PATH:-}"
+    if [ -n "${CHROMIUM_PATH:-}" ]; then
+        export CHROMIUM_PATH
+    fi
+
     if [ ${#RUN_PREFIX[@]} -gt 0 ]; then
         echo -e "${CYAN}[*] 启动命令: ${RUN_PREFIX[*]} uv run --python 3.13 python -u register_cli.py ${args[*]}${NC}"
         echo ""
-        exec "${RUN_PREFIX[@]}" uv run --python 3.13 python -u register_cli.py "${args[@]}"
+        exec "${RUN_PREFIX[@]}" env \
+            BROWSER_PREFER="${BROWSER_PREFER:-}" \
+            BROWSER_PATH="${BROWSER_PATH:-}" \
+            CHROMIUM_PATH="${CHROMIUM_PATH:-}" \
+            DISPLAY="${DISPLAY:-}" \
+            uv run --python 3.13 python -u register_cli.py "${args[@]}"
     else
-        exec uv run --python 3.13 python -u register_cli.py "${args[@]}"
+        exec env \
+            BROWSER_PREFER="${BROWSER_PREFER:-}" \
+            BROWSER_PATH="${BROWSER_PATH:-}" \
+            CHROMIUM_PATH="${CHROMIUM_PATH:-}" \
+            uv run --python 3.13 python -u register_cli.py "${args[@]}"
     fi
 }